Let's find out the common differences of dynamic and condenser mic and when to use or not.
Dynamic and condenser are the basic types of microphones widely used in recording and live performances. How are they differ from each other? Can I get either to work for all cases? Apparently, nothing that fits all-scenarios. Let's debunk their differences in several areas.
Construction
Dynamic microphone uses moving coil attached to a diaphragm and magnet. The sound pressure captured by diaphragm makes the coil moves and directly converts it to electrical signals. The construction is similar to a speaker where coil moves from varying level of electrical signal that pass through it and creates pressure to produce a sound pressure in the diaphragm. Yes, you can say that you can use a speaker as mic, as long as sound pressure is enough to move the coil. Try it with your earphone and headphone.
Condenser microphones on the other hand is made of capacitor (or condenser) where capacitance changes with the amount of sound pressure coming from voice or instrument sound. The signal produced by the capacitor is very weak, such that it needs to be pre-amplified directly using active electronic components built into the mic housing. That is the reason condenser microphones require phantom power supply to operate. The presence of capacitor makes condenser mic easy to break when dropped. So this needs extra care in handling.
Frequency response
Dynamic microphones are generally ideal for low to mid-high frequencies. Low frequencies are those produced by bass drum, timpani and tuba. Mids are typical for voices.
Condenser microphones work well in higher frequencies. You may find it ideal to mic an acoustic guitar, cymbals, flute and clarinet.
Sensitivity
Dynamic microphones are less sensitive compared to condensers. Thus, they need louder sound to operate or for the coil to move.
Condenser microphones are very sensitive such that even tiny noises are captured. This is mic is suspended so it won't pick up any vibrations through the mic stand. Windscreen is also added to prevent noises made from breathing to go through the mic.
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Due to sensitivity characteristics of a dynamic mic, signal-to-noise ratio is very low, which is ideal in open-air performances, venue with huge crowd and anywhere ambient noises can't be controlled.
Condensers on the other hand, pick up more noises compared to dynamic mics. Thus SNR value is higher. This is one of major factor in selecting a good condenser mic. This type of mic is ideally used in controlled environments, such as recording and rehearsal studios. Some musicians use additional isolation for the mic itself to further prevent unwanted noises from other directions.
Cost
Dynamic mics are relatively lower cost to purchase than condensers due to its simple constructions. Condenser mics are typically cost twice as much as a dynamic mic. Sometimes even more.
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